Dividing a Word When Writing or Typing

Sometimes it is necessary to divide a word at the end of the line because there is not enough space for the completion of the word. These days many computer programs automatically take care of this problem for you. However, if you are using a typewriter or handwriting on stationary it is useful to know these rules. In order to divide a word add a hyphen (-) typed without a space immediately after the first part of the divided word at the end of the line. For example ...The matter of job compen-sation is extremely important... Rules for Dividing Words Here are the most important rules to follow when dividing a word By syllable: Divide the word by syllables or units of sound. For example, important, im-por-tant - important has three syllables; thinking, think-ing - thinking has two syllables By structure: Divide the word into the smaller units of meaning from which the word is constructed. It may have a beginning (a prefix) such as un-, dis-, im-, etc., (im-portant, dis-interested) or an ending (a suffix) such as -able, -fully, (as in desirable, desir-able). By meaning: Decide how each part of the divided word is best understood in order that the word is easily recognized from the two parts. For example, compound words such as houseboat made up of two words combined to make a single word, house-boat. Here are six further rules to help you decide when and how to divide words. Never divide a word within a syllable.Never divide an ending (suffix) of two syllables such as -able or -fully.Never divide a word with an ending of two letters such as -ed -er, -ic (exception -ly)Never divide a word so that one of the parts is a single letter.Never divide a word of one syllable.Never divide a word of fewer than five letters.

Collapse of Civilizations Essay - 1292 Words

The factors that lead to the â€Å"collapse† of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian cultures will be discussed in the following paragraphs, with a focus on the uniqueness of each. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Collapse† is in quotations because its definition when applied to civilizations is often debated. Merriam-Webster’s†¦show more content†¦Around 800 AD, population densities were at their peak. The population had gotten so high that it led to social malfunction and agricultural exhaustion. The land had been so overworked that it did not have a chance to remain fertile. Core borings and pollen samples revealed prolonged drought cycles. (Scarre 1997:372) As in the southern Mesopotamian culture, long term irrigation and salinization of the soil led to decline productivity. When irrigation water dries, it leaves salt. Additional water is needed to wash it out; the salt water rises towards the roots of plants and kills them. However, the Mayan civilization was in a very damp rainforest area, which excludes drought as an explanation for its â€Å"collapse.† (Sanders: video) David Webster, a Copan archaeologist, found obsidian knives at various farming sites. These knives are very important because they can be tested as to the date in which they originate. Anne Freter, an obsidian tester, revealed that the majority of them dated to around 1200 A.D. She thought there was something wrong with her data because it had always been assumed that the culture ended around 800 A.D. This data shows a slow decline instead of a sudden â€Å"collapse.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Archaeologists had assumed that there was a sudden collapse. They considered peasant revolt, loss of legitimacy ofShow MoreRelatedCollapse of Civilizations1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe factors that lead to the collapse of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian culturesRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Western Civilization994 Words   |  4 Pagesancient civilizations. From 551-479 B.C. with the Chinese, to the nineteenth and early twentieth century with western civilization. Ranging from the collapsing of the Roman and Mayan empires, to the ending of the Byzantine and Inca empire s. Historians and architects use ancient readings left behind on stone and walls to gain knowledge about these civilizations. To comprehend these civilizations that were once there and the culture behind them. The virtue and values of these civilizations have hugeRead MoreCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Licea-Chavez 10/27/14 History 2 Collapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquestRead MoreMaya Civilization Collapse1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe example of societal collapse in which I will be making reference to throughout this essay is the Maya civilization. The Maya civilization is, â€Å"probably the best known of all early American civilizations.† (Fagan, 1995) It was at its strongest point between AD 300 AND 900. Around AD 900 was the time of its collapse. This civilization was developed in a densely, tropical forest on either highlands or lowlands. Today to visit a Mayan site, people would go to the modern Mexican state, capi tal cityRead MoreWhy Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse?2267 Words   |  10 Pagescauses that set in motion the collapse of the Mayan civilisation in the 10th century. I will examine particular elements in their history such as warfare and conquest, inherent difficulties in the areas of sustenance, resource management and environmental degradation. My goal is to formulate a more in-depth understanding of how such a complex and powerful people fell and what triggered their demise. BACKGROUND AND AGRICULTURE Initially the Mayan civilization prospered throughout the lowlandsRead MoreEssay on Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse as a Result of Drought?1016 Words   |  5 PagesEver since the collapse of the once powerful Maya civilization, people have been trying to find out what caused it. Authors of the article, “Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”, which include Gerald Haug, Detlef Gà ¼nther, Larry Peterson, Daniel Sigman, Konrad Hughen, and Beat Aeschlimann propose a theory that the Mayans collapsed because of an extended dry period between 760 and 910 A.D. These scientists set out find the answer as to why the Maya civilization collapsed. ThisRead MoreIs The Classic Mayan Civilization?1558 Words   |  7 Pagesof Anthropology, a collapse is defined as â€Å"†¦a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economical/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.†(AOC) With Mr. Tainter’s definition of collapse, I will be focusing on one specific civilization, what led to their falling as a society and elaborate on some theories as to why collapses may occur. The development that I am going to be discussing is the Classic Mayan civilization. The civilization was located in MexicoRead MoreAmericas Oh Sh*T Moment by Niall Ferguson Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesFerguson, a historian who teaches at Harvard University, in 2011, explores why civilizations collapse, and how America can avoid this. He does not focus only on America, but many civilizations in the past that have collaps ed. Niall Ferguson is the author of Civilization: The West and The Rest. The article is creatively and cleverly written using the metaphor of modern technology to describe the way in which the societal collapse occurs. This shows that the article was written for adults who are highlyRead MoreEnd of Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of Mayan Civilization Samuel Nathaniel H. Stansbury HUM 111 11/3/2012 The mystery concerning the fundamental explanation for the collapse of the Mayan Civilization has been a major focus for researchers in the fields of anthropology and archeology for a considerable period of time. At the very core of this mystery of the Mayan collapse was the question of how could such a strong, stable civilization that had flourished for approximately twenty-seven hundred years disappear without a clearRead MoreEssay on Factors Leading to The Collapse of Past Societies1693 Words   |  7 PagesAt present day, our worldwide civilization of the human race continues to surpass many achievements of other past societies. Everyday, new technological advances are being achieved and the population is growing faster than it ever previously has. We must look back at past civilizations and analyze them to understand what is in store for us in the future. In the pursuit of progress, human societies create problems they do not have the resources or political motivation to solve , for fear of short term

Johnson and Johnson Free Essays

TERM PAPER For STRATEGIC OPERATION MANAGEMENT Submitted by: ANALIZA T. CEDILLO BSBA 4-1 (OM) Submitted To: Prof Avila JOHNSON JOHNSON COMPANY INTRODUCTION * The Company supports the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals to improve the health of mothers and children in developing countries. As a founding sponsor, Johnson Johnson helps launch the United States’ first free mobile health service, providing health information via text messages for Pregnant women and new mothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson and Johnson or any similar topic only for you Order Now * They are the world’s sixth-largest consumer health company There are the world’s largest and most diverse medical devices and Diagnostics Company. * They are the world’s fifth-largest biologics company. * And the world’s eighth-largest pharmaceuticals company * Johnson Johnson was a biggest company that caring the world and enduring strength they consistent approaching and to managing  they Business. * They have more than 250 operating companies in 60 countries employing approximately 129,000 people. Our worldwide. * Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson Family of Companies work with partners in health care to touch the lives of over a billion people every day, throughout the world. HISTORY: Johnson Johnson,126 years more than a century caring. Its start on 1886 with the three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, found Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson in New Brunswick, New Jersey, U. S. 1901, is a Part of its commitment to first aid, Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson publishes the first Aid Manuals, using proven best practices from leading physicians. 1910, James Wood Johnson takes over the leadership of Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson until 1932. The first overseas operating company opens in the United Kingdom was on 1924. And they expand to Mexico and South Africa. On 1932, Robert Wood Johnson II. He begins leadership of Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson. Known as General Johnson, he transforms the Company into a global decentralized Family of Companies. 1963-1973, Under Chairman and CEO Philip B. Hofmann’s leadership, operating companies launch new treatments for schizophrenia, family planning and personal care. Also, 1963 marks the last year that JOHNSON’S ® Baby Powder is sold in tins. They announce plans to build our new World Headquarters in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and form a public-private partnership to revitalize the city. 2002, William C. Weldon becomes Chairman and CEO of Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson, only the eighth person to lead the Company since its founding. Under his leadership, the Company enters new therapeutic areas such as HIV/AIDS, and health and wellness. 2011, They celebrates 125 years of caring and looks to the next 125 years of transforming care for patients, consumers and communities around the world. In the year of 2012, Alex Gorsky is appointed Chief Executive Officer of Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson. As only the seventh CEO in our history, he continues a legacy of leadership. Company Overview Johnson Johnson’s commitment to innovative health care products has resulted in consistent financial performance. The Company has 29 consecutive years of adjusted earnings increases and 50 consecutive years of dividend increases. Johnson ; Johnson, through its family of companies, employs approximately 129,000 people worldwide and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of a broad range of products in the health care field in many countries of the world. Johnson ; Johnson’s primary interest, both historically and currently, has been in products related to health and well-being. Johnson Johnson was organized in the State of New Jersey in 1886. Johnson Johnson is organized on the principles of decentralized management. The Executive Committee of Johnson Johnson is the principal management group responsible for the strategic operations and allocation of resources of the Johnson Johnson family of companies. Johnson Johnson’s operating companies are organized into three business segments: Consumer, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices and Diagnostics. A Group Operating Committee, composed of managers who represent key operations within the segment, as well as management in specialized functional departments, oversees and coordinates the activities of domestic and international companies related to each of the business segments. However, in line with the principle of decentralized management, senior management groups at U. S. and international operating companies are each responsible for their own strategic plans, as well as the day-to-day operations of those companies, and each international company is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. HR/MANAGEMENT Johnson ; Johnson Strategic Framework They believe that in serving. those who sell their product, they serve himself. Foundation The Strategic Framework starts with Credo, the guide to help navigate way through challenges and opportunities. From Credo, there Aspiration emerges – by caring, one person at a time; they are help billions of people around the world live longer, healthier and happier lives. Strategic Planning/Principles From the foundation they build a unique kind of a set. They based on a health care, First they focus on managing for the long term. Second they operate under a decentralized management approach. And then do all this through a unique culture that values and fosters the development of people. Executive management of Johnson ; Johnson, with the support and approval of the Board of Directors, has set the fundamental strategic direction of the Company to remain a broadly-based human health care company for the consumer, pharmaceutical and medical device and diagnostics markets. Strategic planning is guided by the ethical principles embodied in Our Credo, unifying our people worldwide behind a set of common values and providing a constant reminder of the Company’s responsibilities to all of its constituents. With over 250 operating companies located in 60 countries throughout the world, Johnson Johnson is organized on the principle of decentralized management. Each international company is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. Senior management groups at U. S. nd international operating companies are each responsible for their own strategic plans. On an on-going basis throughout the year, at meetings of the Board and Committees of the Board, management of the Company and Board members discuss the strategic direction and major developments of the Company’s various businesses. The process is an interactive/on-going dialogue which provides the Directors with insight into the activities and direction of the Company’s businesses. Accounting/Finance Department Corporate Governance The values embodied in the Credo guide the actions of the people of the Johnson Johnson Family of Companies at all levels and in all parts of the world. They have done so for more than 60 years. These Credo values extend to our accounting and financial reporting responsibilities. Management is responsible for timely, accurate, reliable and objective financial statements and related information. Such as: * Maintain a well-designed system of internal accounting controls. * Encourage strong and effective corporate governance from our Board of Directors. * Continuously review our business results and strategic choices. Focus on financial stewardship. Accounting Controls The professionally trained internal auditors travel worldwide to monitor system of internal accounting controls. This system is designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded and that transactions and events are recorded properly. The internal controls include self-assessments and internal and external audit reviews of operating companies, which concludes â€Å"Managem ent’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting,† printed in Annual Report. Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson is guided by the values set forth in Credo, created by General Robert Wood Johnson in 1943. Credo and the principles have been woven into the fabric of the Company. The values articulated of Credo extend to accounting and financial responsibilities to Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson shareholders and investors. The Johnson Johnson SWOT: Strengths * Worldwide sales have grown 14% indicating a strong position for the global group. * The business model adapted by Johnson and Johnson fundamentally uses the adaptation of entrepreneurial values in order to retain an edge within the market place. Working with intensive scientific notions Johnson and Johnson utilize a varied expanse of problem solving techniques in order to challenge the standard practice and capitalize on growth through emerging markets which enables associated growth. * The use of independent offices working as standalone units provides the opportunity to develop concepts with cultural considerations which ca n prove important when taking a product to global markets. Weaknesses There is increasing pressure within pharmaceutical markets to reduce prices in line with medical budgets and maintain patent expirations to ensure generic programmers are updated within critical path movements. * Challenges have been faced within Johnson and Johnson where a reduction in the market demand for key products has been identified; some of these products were branded and have been replaced by generic programmers at the end of patent time lines. * Internal weakness across the industry and not isolated to Johnson and Johnson would be the level of theft and counterfeiting of drugs managed through internal personnel. Opportunity * Whilst the recent acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare will act as an opportunity in its own right to promote growth for the organization through alternative routes there is the added value capitalized through the return on investment which will be realized 12 months before plan releasing funds back into the bottom line. * Johnson and Johnson have highlighted new developments in pharmacy products with five undergoing regulatory review which provides the opportunity to grow the existing product portfolio. Development into new functions of medical devices and diagnostics will provide new markets to entry which will result in business growth. * With the development of WTO rules to prevent the availability of cheap generic drugs there is the opportunity to reduce the level of lost profit due to generic introduction as patents run out. Whilst this will aid Johnson and Johnson where they own the brand where they are looking to capitalize on introducing generic drugs to m arket this ruling will become a hindrance. Threats Generally within the main pharmaceutical companies there is a high level of competition for the generics markets where patents finish and it is the first to entry where success will generally be determined. * Technological developments with bio-tech concepts will potentially move the traditional pharmaceutical methods out of the market place in the long term although there is an economical argument that this form of development can be segregated to run alongside traditional methods and complement as opposed to replace. How to cite Johnson and Johnson, Essay examples

Limit of Critical Clearing Time †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Limit of Critical Clearing Time. Answer: Introduction: In accordance with the study of the given case scenario this highlighted that there various issues involved within the system architecture of the Qantas Airlines organization with respect to their wrong measure taken for managing public relationships within their target market. In contrast with these facts, mainly three issues are being elaborated within this memo. First of all the most important and effective issues involved within the operational areas of the organizational structure Qantas Airlines. In the year of 2010, 30th August, Qantas faced blast of engines over the region of Sidney and this incident destroyed their four engines and this not only impacted on their brand value but also impacted on the public relationship with them. In addition to this, this exploitation dumped fuel within the Pacific Ocean and imposed pollution within the environment. In addition to this, in the year of 2010, 5th November, the Qantas Boeing 747 faced trouble and due to this incident the aircraft returned to its origin place. The second key issue involved within the services provided among the clients of Qantas, they have tried and introduced failed publicity stunt by launching one competition in the most popular social media Twitter. Due to poor services and lack of functional experiences for public stunts, the organization had faced poor humiliation from different followers of them within Twitter. This show was intended to know the responses from different followers about the Australian Rugby and the best response provider would be able to collect platinum ticket for supporting that team. This instant decision to make the publicity stunt made them fall within problems. Third issue that was incorporated within the organizational structure of Qantas Airlines occurred in the year of 2011, in this incident, more than 68000 passengers stranded around the world when the company suddenly grounded within its entire fleet of the aircraft for facing a long stranding labour dispute. This incident incurred with the help of union of three companies. Additionally, there are various solutions and other possible perspectives that make the brand perspectives better among public. Additionally following aspects and stages will be helpful for managing the brand perception among different clients of Qantas Airlines: Operational and technological development: This is one of the best solutions that manage situational analysis of the issues involved within Qantas organizational structure. There are various cases of technological issues that incurred losses for the organization. This aspect had made the organization weak with respect to their brand value within their target market (Mathews et al., 2015). Incorporation of improved social relationships and connections: Social relationship is another important aspect that needs to be managed in order to improve the brand value of the organization. Therefore, these can be easily managed by Qantas for managing social relationships. Cooperative social media marketing: Social media is effective option for managing social relations with the help of social media and various options available within target market (Salim et al., 2015). Trust building: Trust building is another option that manages effective option for managing responses from the social relationship managers. In addition to these aspects, there are various factors that manage social relationships through social media like Twitter. These factors are given as follows: Identification of ideal customers: Identification of target customers are one of the most effective option that needs to be developed within the organizational structure for managing the organizational as well as strategic evolution of concepts and functional areas (Munar Jacobsen, 2014). Setting of marketing objectives: Setting of marketing objectives over the social media is very important for managing the customer expectations and functional operations of the organization with respect to various advantages and benefits (Trainor et al., 2014). Research of competition: Research competition is another aspect that manages competitive advantages of the organization among all other social media sites that introduces various brand acquisition processes. Selection of channels and tactics: Selection of channels and tactics are another important for managing brand value improvement within social media with respect to customer demands and needs. Content strategy building: Contents attracts the customer with respect to various significant aspects of organizational objectives (Jin, Liu Austin, 2014). Therefore, these aspects are needs to be managed for functional improvement within social media. Assigning of roles: Assignment of roles and responsibility is very important for managing the responses of social media in order to manage the response selection process for increasing brand value of the organization (McCarthy et al., 2014). Communication Plan 1.Timing 28th April to 7th May 2.Audience Olivia Worth, Qantas 3.Sender Please fill students name 4.Key Message Issues Qantas faced during different phases of operations, suggestions for improved public perception creation and factors important for brand value creation within social media 5.Desired Outcome Improved brand value creation within Qantas, improved public relation among their clients 6.Medium Face to face meetings, Skype rounds etc. 7.Materials Consideration for developing the technological and operational improvement within Qantas Airlines.. 8.Frequency These messages needs to be send in daily basis Recommendations Improvising social relationship development: Improvising social relationship establishment is one of the best solutions for Qantas for managing the brand value improvisation of Qantas. In addition to this, there are different segments that manage relationship among clients their customers. Therefore, social medial will be the best suited option for managing the social relationship among responsible heads of the organization. Technological development: Technological development of the Qantas will lead to effective customer satisfaction that will leads to the development of organizational value creation as well as improvement in organizational structure and their responsibility. Feasibility study analysis for improvement of brand value of Qantas: Feasibility study of the steps or strategies taken by Qantas will allow the individual of the organization in managing the organizational development. References Hajli, M. N. (2014). A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), 387-404. Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., Austin, L. L. (2014). Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, information form, and source on publics crisis responses.Communication research,41(1), 74-94. Mathews, S., Jain, R., Shah, T., Hizli, S., Porwal, J., Virani, S. (2015). Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Based Brand Equity: Toothpaste Industry.SAMVAD,8. McCarthy, J., Rowley, J., Jane Ashworth, C., Pioch, E. (2014). Managing brand presence through social media: the case of UK football clubs.Internet Research,24(2), 181-204. Munar, A. M., Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media.Tourism management,43, 46-54. Salim, N. A., Othman, M. M., Musirin, I., Serwan, M. S. (2015). Improvisation on standard limit of the critical clearing time specified for the protection relays using one machine infinite bus equivalent. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 785, pp. 343-347). Trans Tech Publications. Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1201-1208. Zeng, B., Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, 27-36.

The Multiple Intelligence Theory in Differentiated Classroom

George Catlin, Biography of Painter of Native Americans

George Catlin, Biography of Painter of Native Americans The American artist George Catlin became fascinated with Native Americans in the early 1800s and traveled extensively throughout North America so he could document their lives on canvas. In his paintings and writings, Catlin portrayed Indian society in considerable detail. â€Å"Catlin’s Indian Gallery,† an exhibit which opened in New York City in 1837, was an early opportunity for people living in an eastern city to appreciate the lives of the Indians still living freely and practicing their traditions on the western frontier. The vivid paintings produced by Catlin were not always appreciated in his own time. He tried to sell his paintings to the U.S. government and was rebuffed. But eventually he was recognized as a remarkable artist and today many of his paintings reside in the Smithsonian Institution and other museums. Catlin wrote of his travels. And he is credited with first proposing the idea of National Parks  in one of his books.  Catlins proposal came decades before the US government would create the first National Park. Early Life George Catlin was born in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania on July 26, 1796. His mother and grandmother had been held hostage during an Indian uprising in Pennsylvania known as the Wyoming Valley Massacre some 20 years earlier, and Catlin would have heard many stories about Indians as a child. He spent much of his childhood wandering in the woods and searching for Indian artifacts. As a young man, Catlin trained to be a lawyer, and he briefly practiced law in Wilkes Barre. But he developed a passion for painting. By 1821, at the age of 25, Catlin was living in Philadelphia and trying to pursue a career as a portrait painter. While in Philadelphia Catlin enjoyed visiting the museum administered by Charles Wilson Peale, which contained numerous items related to Indians and also to the expedition of Lewis and Clark. When a delegation of western Indians visited Philadelphia, Catlin painted them and decided to learn all he could of their history. In the late 1820s, Catlin painted portraits, including one of New York governor DeWitt Clinton. At one point Clinton gave him a commission to create lithographs of scenes from the newly opened Erie Canal, for a commemorative booklet. In 1828 Catlin married Clara Gregory, who was from a prosperous family of merchants in Albany, New York. Despite his happy marriage, Catlin desired to venture off see the west. Western Travels In 1830, Catlin realized his ambition to visit the west and arrived in St. Louis, which was then the edge of the American frontier. He met William Clark, who, a quarter-century earlier, had led the famed Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and back. Clark held an official position as the superintendent of Indian affairs. He was impressed by Catlin’s desire to document Indian life and provided him with passes so he could visit Indian reservations. The aging explorer shared with Catlin an extremely valuable piece of knowledge, Clark’s map of the West. It was, at the time, the most detailed map of North America west of the Mississippi. Throughout the 1830s Catlin traveled extensively, often living among the Indians. In 1832 he began to paint the Sioux, who were at first highly suspicious of his ability to record detailed images on paper. However, one of the chiefs declared that Catlin’s â€Å"medicine† was good, and he was allowed to paint the tribe extensively. Catlin often painted portraits of individual Indians, but he also depicted daily life, recording scenes of rituals and even sports. In one painting Catlin depicts himself and an Indian guide wearing the pelts of wolves while crawling in the prairie grass to closely observe a herd of buffalo. Catlins Indian Gallery In 1837 Catlin opened a gallery of his paintings in New York City, billing it as â€Å"Catlin’s Indian Gallery.† It could be considered the first â€Å"Wild West† show, as it revealed the exotic life of the Indians of the west to city dwellers. Catlin wanted his exhibit to be taken seriously as historical documentation of Indian life, and he endeavored to sell his collected paintings to the US Congress. One of his great hopes was that his paintings would be the centerpiece of a national museum devoted to Indian life. The Congress was not interested in purchasing Catlin’s paintings, and when he exhibited them in other eastern cities they were not as popular as they had been in New York. Frustrated, Catlin left for England, where he found success showing his paintings in London. Decades later, Catlins obituary on the front page of the New York Times noted that in London he had reached great popularity, with members of the aristocracy flocking to see his paintings.   Catlin’s Classic Book on Indian Life In 1841 Catlin published, in London, a book titled Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians. The book, more than 800 pages in two volumes, contained a vast wealth of material gathered during Catlin’s travels among the Indians. The book went through a number of editions. At one point in the book Catlin detailed how the enormous herds of buffalo on the western plains were being destroyed because robes made of their fur had become so popular in eastern cities. Perceptively noting what today we would recognize as an ecological disaster, Catlin made a startling proposal. He suggested that the government should set aside enormous tracts of western lands to preserve them in their natural state. George Catlin can thus be credited with first suggesting the creation of National Parks. His Later Life Catlin returned to the United States and again tried to get the Congress to buy his paintings. He was unsuccessful. He was swindled in some land investments and was in financial distress. He decided to return to Europe. In Paris, Catlin managed to settle his debts by selling the bulk of his collection of paintings to an American businessman, who stored them in a locomotive factory in Philadelphia. Catlin’s wife died in Paris, and Catlin himself moved on to Brussels, where he would live until returning to America in 1870. Catlin died in Jersey City, New Jersey in late 1872. His obituary in the New York Times lauded him for his work documenting Indian life and criticized the Congress for not buying his collection of paintings. The collection of Catlin paintings stored in the factory in Philadelphia was eventually acquired by the Smithsonian Institution, where it resides today. Other Catlin works are in museums around the United States and Europe.

Martin Luther and the Lutheran Reformation Research Paper

Martin Luther and the Lutheran Reformation - Research Paper Example Martin Luther, the German monk, initiated reformatory ideas into the context of Christian faith in Europe. One can see that the Lutheran Reformation or Protestant Reformation provided ample importance to the concept of salvation and individual faith in god. On the other side, the Christian church considered that donating money to the Church as a proof of one’s faith can help one to attain salvation. These differences between the Christian Church and Lutheran ideas related to faith and salvation eventually led to Lutheran Reformation. To be specific, Martin Luther was not ready to agree with the concept of the sale of indulgences as the source of revenue to the Church. Instead, his aim was to inculcate innovation to Christian faith in Europe. Thesis statement: The Lutheran Reformation unveiled the difference between individual faith and religious salvation, it bridged the wide gap between the believers and the Christian Church, and it is important because it’s socio-poli tical, religious and cultural impact unleashed the possibilities of individual faith in god, especially in Christianity. Martin Luther and Lutheran Reformation One can see that Martin Luther’s influence is not limited to the sphere of religious reformation because it extends to other fields like education, culture and literature. His deep knowledge in Latin was helpful to translate works in Latin to German language. Luther’s graduation and post-graduation were at the University of Erfurt. Later, he decided to study law, but lost interest in the same and joined a monastery in Erfurt. But he was not ready to give up his education and became a professor of Theology. John Scott makes clear that, â€Å"The one is, that his learning, genius, and capacity, were of the first magnitude: the other, that his life was without blemish.†1 While he was serving as a professor, he became interested in the idea of salvation and faith in Christianity. Besides, Luther made use of his acceptability as a professor to spread his ideas among the mass. Alister E. McGrath states that, â€Å"The Lutheran Reformation was initially an academic mo vement, concerned primarily with reforming the teaching of theology at the University of Wittenberg.†2 For instance, in the year 1517, Luther declared his opinion on the difference between salvation and faith in Christianity. The Lutheran interpretation of faith in God was entirely different from the interpretation of same by the Christian Church in Germany. This difference in interpretation of faith forced Luther to undergo excommunication from the Pope (say, in the year 1521) and disagreement from the Emperor Karl V. All these factors eventually led to the initiation of Lutheran Reformation as an attempt to reform the Protestant Church in Germany. Martin Luther’s role as a religious reformer Martin Luther’