Evolution of Baking and Pastry Making

Evolution of Baking and Pastry Making SYNOPSIS The purpose of this project was to understand the evolution of baking and pastry making. How it has evolved throughout time, what changes and techniques came that helped in the development of this field and how this profession today is one of the most important professions in the food industry. INTRODUCTION Baking is one of the cooking methods in which the food is baked in ovens using dry heat. Breads are the most commonly baked products, but many other food items can also be baked. When the heat travels from the surface to the centre of the products like cakes, cookies or breads, it forms a stiff crust and a spongy centre and converts the batter or dough’s into baked goods. A combination of baking and barbecue can be created by either cooking twice or one before the other. Masonry oven is one of the concept of baking which is similar to smoke pit concept of barbecuing, therefore baking and barbecuing can be related. Originally baking was done by women at home for their own consumption, then later on men started working in bakeries and restaurants and started baking for local consumption, as the time passed and technologies changed and big machines came into the market the production was industrialized and hence baking was later done by large machines and in huge factories. Breads being the common food are economically as well as culturally very important therefore the nutritive values have to be kept in mind. A professional, baking goods is known as a baker. EVOLUTION OF BAKERY AND PASTRY ARTS WHAT IS BAKING? Cooking by dry heat method in large ovens is known as baking. Apart from cakes, breads and pastries; meats, vegetables, poultry and fish can also be baked. (Adams, 2013) Baking can be done by three methods: Dry Baking The water content in the food rises and forms a steam, the dry heat of the oven and the steam formed combine to cook the food. Example: Pastries, Cakes, and Baked Jacket Potato. Bain Marie While baking, the food is placed in a water container because of which the heat in the oven modifies resulting the slow cooking of food which ensures that the food is not over cooked or over heated. Increased Humidity Baking Humidity of the oven is increased either by placing a bowl of water in the oven or by injecting steam, resulting in the increase of water content in the food and hence the quality of the food is improved. (Anon., 2012) HOW DID IT START? The evidence of baking first took place when the wild grass grains were soaked in water and then everything was mixed together and mashed into a broth like paste. Cooking of this paste was done by pouring it on a flat hot rock and was cooked till it resulted in a bread like substance. Roasting this paste on hot embers made bread making easier, since it could be made any time fire was created. Yeast was previously being used to brew beers, but Ancient Egyptians started using it to bake breads. The art of baking bread began around 600 BC in Ancient Greece which led to an invention of enclosed ovens. The art baking bloomed in the Roman Empire. The occupation of pastry cook was known as the Pastillarium. It was the most respected line of work as pastries were considered most decent, and Romans loved to eat them in festivals and loved to celebrate with them. Hence the baking of pastries started on special occasions and especially for large banquets. Whenever a new treat was invented by any pastry chef they were highly rewarded. Number of pastry chefs increased in Rome during 1 AD. There were 300 pastry chefs at that time. Romans had their own mills to grind grain flour and baked bread in ovens with chimneys. (Gisslen, 2005) BAKING IN MIDDLE AGES Baking as a profession totally disappeared after the collapse of the Roman Empire. It slowly came back in the latter part of middle age as an important business in the service of upper class. Bread making was no more done by homemakers it was continued by professional bakers since the constant tending of the ovens was required. Ovens were usually disconnected from the building due to the possibility of fire, they were generally outside of the city walls. Guilds were setup in France in the 12th century and were called tameliers or sifters, there job was to sift the flour that was sent to them. During that time there were 62 guilds, and they were granted the ownership of manufacturing breads but not beyond the borderlines of Paris. When the bran is sifted with coarse sieves only some part of the bran is removed, white flour is made by sifting the bran with finer sieves which removes either parts of the bran or whole bran. The yield of the white flour is lower since most of the grain is removed while sifting hence the white flour was more expensive. In 1650 CE bakers started buying sifted flour from the mills. The weight, quality and cost of the breads were specifically decided by the royal decree. The loaves which were not of the appropriate weight were confiscated and then given away to the poor. Insurance against illness was also provided by the guilds: each day a loaf or two were handed over to a hospital and priority hospitalization for free was in return guaranteed. Free breads were supplied to the executioner and were placed upside down by the baker who supplied it to them. They were kept upside to ensure the other customers that the hands of the executioner will not get in contact with any other loaves. People started believing that it was inauspicious to keep the bread loafs upside down hence giving rise to a superstition. The word tameliers was soon replaced by Boulanger which comes from the Picardy word Boulenc. The literal meaning of the word Boulanger is ‘one who makes round bread’. (Gisslen, 2005) (Gisslen, 2009) MODERN BAKING AND TECHNOLOGY The time of great technical progress stared in the nineteenth century. With the development of automatic machines the task of the manual labor reduced and because of the development the bakers could perform many more tasks with the machines. Roller Milling was the most important technological development. Before this development milling of grains was done by grinding them between two stones, then the resultant flour had to be bolted of sifted numerous times in order to separate the bran. The manual labor process was very slow and took lot of time but after the invention of Roller Milling the process became more efficient and faster. New availability of flours was another important development of that period, they were grown in the wheat growing areas of North-America. They were higher in proteins than compared to those grown in Northern Europe. This wheat was exported to Europe which led to large-scale production of white breads. Many more technologies developed in the twentieth century. New types of ovens and refrigerators came. Air transportation also played a huge role in the development of baking and pastry making. Transpiration of fresh ingredients around the world became more convenient. Many ingredients that were once rare and expensive are now easily available and reasonably priced because of the Preservation Techniques. Preparation and processing of food can now be done before shipping on behalf of bakeshops and food operations as modern food preservations technology have made it possible. Hence convenience foods have come into existence. Cooking styles and eating habits have changed because of these developments. Evolution of cooking and baking has been going on for hundred years and still continues to. In the later parts of the twentieth century, travelling around the world became easy hence immigrants traveled in Europe and North America, which led to the increase in the taste and awareness for regional dishes. Knowledge about different cuisines grew among the chefs apart from the traditional cuisines of other parts of Europe they learned about the cuisines of Asia, Latin America, and of many more different regions. Different techniques and ingredients of more than one regional cuisine came in use in a single dish and came to be known as Fusion Cuisine, this cuisine can at times yield poor results as it does not belong to any one culture and gets to mixed up. Fusion cuisine was true in 1980s as the idea was fresh and new. (Gisslen, 2009) CONCLUSION The evolution of baking has took centuries to perfect, from the ages of the wild grass paste to the modern ways of bread making machinery. Slowly some of the technique are moving out of the scenario with raising health issue and concerns .People are moving out of the heavy fats and oils, moving into more of lighter fats and healthier flour. The future of baking will me more innovative ovens, healthier and whole grain breads and innovations in the bakeries organizations. LIST OF REFERENCES Adams, A., 2013. Baking. [Online] Available at: http://dairyfreecooking.about.com/od/dairyfreeglossary/g/baking.htm [Accessed 3 january 2014]. Anon., 2012. The Food Tchnology Website. [Online] Available at: http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~media/bake.htm [Accessed 2 January 2014]. Gisslen, W., 2005. Professional Baking. 4th ed. Hoboken, NEw Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2005. Professional Baking. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2009. Professional Baking. 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2009. Professional Baking. 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc..

Breach of Contract in the Business World

| Breach of Contract in the Business World| | | | | | | Table of Contents Executive Summaryiii I. Introduction1 II. Breach of Contract1 III. Immaterial Breach of Contract1 IV. Material Breach of Contract2 V. Remedies3 VI. Remedies at Law3 VII. Remedies in Equity5 VIII. Summary6 IX. Bibliography8 Executive Summary This paper discusses the legal concept of a breach of contract and the options a business has in pursuing a breach of contract case.It defines what constitutes a breach of contract, how a party may breach a contract, and it compares the legal distinction between an immaterial and material breach of contract. This paper concludes with a description of what remedies are available to the non-breaching party when a contract has been breached. It describes the types of remedies at law (monetary damages) and remedies in equity that may be awarded in a breach of contract case. Introduction Contracts form the very foundation of every legal business endeavor.They can dictate how a bu siness is formed, the terms and conditions of employment, or a sales agreement between a business and its customer. In a perfect world, both parties would benefit from a contract and no disputes would arise. In the real business world, delays occur, financial problems happen, and unexpected events may prevent a contract from being fulfilled. It is imperative that a business understands what constitutes a breach of contract, how a party may breach a contract, and what legal remedies are available to recover any damages that may be incurred.Breach of Contract A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excuse (Hill, Breach of Contract). A businesses’ course of legal action against a breach of contract will depend on what type of breach has occurred, whether the breach is material (substantial) or immaterial (minor), and what damages have been incurred. Immaterial Breach of Contract An immaterial breach of contract does not substantially impair the value of an entire contract.An immaterial breach allows the non-breaching party to sue for the actual damages it sustains, but it does not excuse the injured party from its contractual obligations (Gifis, 2010). In the contract case of Jacob & Youngs v. Kent, the court dealt with the matter of an immaterial breach of contract (Jacob & Young v. Kent, 1921). In the case, the plaintiff sued the defendant for not paying for the installation of pipes in his home.The defendant refused to pay because the defendant learned that some of the pipes installed in his home were of the brand name Cohoes, instead of Reading. The defendant argued that the plaintiff should replace all of the piping with the brand agreed upon in the contract before having to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff refused and asked that the final payment be made. The court found that the breach of contract by the plaintiff was immaterial because the pipes that were instal led were the same type and quality to which the parties had originally agreed.The only difference between the two pipes was the brand name. The defendant was ordered to remit the final payment to the plaintiff and received no damages because the actual difference of value between the two brands of piping was zero. Material Breach of Contract A material breach of contract discharges the non-breaching party from further performance under the contract and entitles the injured party to sue for damages or for performance of the contract (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 218).The Restatement (Second) of Contracts lists the following criteria to determine whether a specific failure constitutes a material breach: In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is material, the following circumstances are significant: (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he reasonably expected; (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately c ompensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; (c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture; (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable assurances; (e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and dealing. (Restatement (Second) of Contracts, 1981) In the previously mentioned law case of Jacob & Youngs v. Kent, if the piping installed had been an inferior quality or material, the breach of contract would have been a material breach. In this case, the court would have agreed with the defendant and ordered the plaintiff to replace all of the piping with the correct brand and quality of piping. RemediesA remedy is the relief given to an innocent party to enforce a right to compensate for the violation of a ri ght (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 7). In law there are two types of remedies: remedies at law and remedies in equity. Remedies at law are typically classified as monetary damages while remedies in equity usually include rescission and restitution, specific performance, and contract reformation. A breach of contract case normally entitles the non-breaching party to sue for monetary damages (a remedy at law). In some cases, however, when the remedy at law is inadequate, a court will allow the non-breaching party to sue for an equitable remedy. Remedies at Law In most breach of contract cases, the non-breaching party is entitled to sue or monetary damages, also known a remedy at law. Monetary damages are designed to compensate the non-breaching party for the loss of the bargain and to try and put the innocent party in the position they would have occupied had the terms of the contract been fulfilled (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 226). Compensatory Compensatory damages are an amount of money aw arded by the court to compensate the non-breaching party for a particular detriment or injury sustained as a direct result from the loss of a bargain due to a breach of contract. The amount awarded is intended to replace the amount the non-breaching party lost and nothing more (Gale, 2010). ConsequentialConsequential damages or â€Å"special damages† are damages that arise only from the consequences of a breach of contract. Consequential damages may be awarded in a breach of contract case when it includes the loss of profit or revenue as a result of a breach of contract. The damages may only be collected if it is determined that the damages were reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made (Hill A. , 1974). Punitive Punitive damages are awarded to compensate the injured party, to punish the breaching party, and to deter others from committing the same act. Punitive damages are monetary damages awarded above and beyond what is necessary to compensate a party for their los ses.Punitive damages are normally not awarded in a breach of contract case unless a tort is involved but some suggest the stance on this may be changing (Sullivan, 1976-1977). Nominal Nominal damages are a small amount of money (such as one dollar) awarded to the non-breaching party in a lawsuit to show that the loss or harm suffered was technical rather than actual. It is also used to establish that the defendant acted wrongfully (Hill G. a. , Nominal Damages, 2010). Remedies in Equity In some breach of contract cases businesses are not interested in monetary compensation. In these cases, money is an insufficient substitute to the original terms of the contract and the non-breaching party may wish to sue for an equitable remedy instead. Rescission and RestitutionThe rescission of a contract essentially terminates the contract and returns the non-breaching parties to their former positions before the contract was made. Rescission is available when fraud, mistake, duress, or failure of consideration is present in a contract. The rescinding party is also entitled to restitution (Williston, 1922, p. 1455). Restitution requires both parties to return any goods or money that was given to the other party. Restitution is used to prevent the unjust enrichment of another party (Williston, 1922, p. 1456). Specific Performance Specific performance is an equitable court-ordered remedy that calls for the precise performance of the act promised in the contract (Wild, 2006).This remedy is often ordered by the court in the sale of a rare article or unique piece of land because awarding monetary damages would be insufficient to cover the perceived loss by the non-breaching party. Reformation Contract reformation is an equitable remedy available to parties of a written contract when the contract does not truly express the intention of both parties. â€Å"The mistake may be the mutual error of both parties to the contract, or the oversight of one party which the other knew or s uspected at the time of entering the agreement. † (American Home Ins. Co. v Travelers Indemnity Co, 1981) Contract reformation is also used when fraud is present and it allows the contract to be rewritten to reflect the parties’ true intentions. SummaryA breach of contract occurs when one party fails to perform any of the contract terms. The breach may be immaterial or material depending on whether or not the value of the contract has been substantially impaired. Remedies are the compensation awarded to the non-breaching party in a breach of contract case. There are two types of remedies for a breach of contract: remedies at law and remedies in equity. Remedies at law are pecuniary damages awarded to the non-breaching party to compensate them for the loss of the bargain while remedies in equity may include rescission and restitution, contract reformation, and specific performance. Bibliography American Home Ins. Co. v Travelers Indemnity Co, 122 (Cal.App 3d 951,961 1981 ). Gale, T. (2010). West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Answers. com:http://www. answers. com/library/Law%20Encyclopedia-cid-6927283 Gifis, S. H. (2010). Law Dictionary. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Answers. com: http://www. answers. com/topic/breach-of-contract Hill, A. (1974). Breach of Contract as a Tort. Columbia Law Review (74), 40. Hill, G. a. (n. d. ). Breach of Contract. Retrieved January 6, 2010, from Law. com Dictionary: http://dictionary. law. com/Default. aspx? selected=93 Hill, G. a. (2010). Nominal Damages. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from The Free Dictionary by Farlax: http://legal-dictionary. hefreedictionary. com/Nominal+Damages Jacob ; Young v Kent, 230 (N. Y. 1921). Jentz, G. , ; Miller, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Business Law: Summarized Cases (Seventh ed. ). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Restatement (Second) of Contracts  § 241. (1981) Sullivan, T. J. (1976-1977). Punitive Damages in the Law of Contract: The Reality and the Illusion of Legal Change. Minn. L. Rev (61), 207. Wild, S. (Ed. ). (2006). Webster's New World Law Dictionary. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Yourdictionary. com: http://www. yourdictionary. com/law/specific-performance Williston, S. (1922). The Law of Contract. New York: New York Baker, Voorhis & Co.

(Persuasive Speech) City-Wide Wifi Essay

Intro: WiFi, WiFi everywhere. WiFi everywhere you go, no more bad connection. You can’t escape it. When you step outside, free WiFi. When you step inside, free WiFi. When you go to your technologically impaired Grandma’s house, free WiFi. When you’re going for a bike ride, free WiFi. This, is what happens when you have citywide WiFi. Aren’t you tired of getting nagged by your parents about going over your data limit on 3G or 4G? Aren’t you tired of those super expensive phone bills? The cheapest 2-year plan for an iPhone is $1,799.76. If that’s not expensive to you, then listen to this. The most expensive 2-year contract for the iPhone costs $3,360.00. Imagine getting to keep all of that money. You’d have thousands of dollars over just a few years. Free public WiFi for the entire city is not impossible, and it has been done. Corpus Christi has free public WiFi for the whole city, and when I went there, I didn’t have to use 3G on ce. Have you ever been to one of your friends houses and had to nag them for the WiFi password? Imagine never having to know the WiFi password for anything ever again. You could get a free texting app and save thousands of dollars a year. Imagine what you could do with that money. Buy a car. Buy the new XBox. Buy a bunch of new video games. With all of that money, you might be able to afford to buy one snack at the movie theatre. The only price you would pay for WiFi would be just a little extra tax. With a free public WiFi, you could watch videos, stream music, and download stuff without using any data.Public city WiFi has the potential to change the cell phone industry forever. If more cities adopt a public WiFi, then eventually, expensive 3G and 4G prices will go down, or go away completely! Are you tired of bad connection to school WiFi, where everything fun is blocked? Just connect to the city WiFi! Since the urban population relies on technology so much in our new generation,a free public WiFi could be very beneficial to our society. Thesis: Because our world is more technology based than ever, city WiFi will be easier than any other way of connecting to the Internet. — #1 Attention-getting topic sentence: Free public wifi has the potential to bring society to a whole new level of sophistication. Analysis: People could communicate freely and without data-lag. Business owners could communicate with their employees about meetings, freely, and effortlessly. People would grasp a whole new idea of social media.People could share their thoughts, ideas, and concepts without hassle, so others could see them, and learn from them. Advertising ideas and products to the city would be as easy as 1-2-3. Cause/Effect/Reasons/Evidence: Mashable.com states that â€Å"The public networks would be much stronger than average household network—their signal would hypothetically travel for long distances and penetrate thick walls and other objects.† which means that you could get wi-fi in your house, in the grocery store, or anywhere else. Many of the major cell phone carriers, including AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile, are going against the proposal of free public wi-fi. Their argument? Well, they believe that free public wi-fi would cause people to cancel their cell-phone data contracts and would lose them money. In easier terms, these companies don’t want wi-fi because they want to keep ripping us all off. From an artical on mashable.co m i also found that Google and Microsoft, have partnered up in a rare move to support the public Wi-Fi networks. They argue that national Wi-Fi networks would spark a wave of technological innovation. Both companies also manufacture devices which would benefit from massive public Wi-Fi networks, from Google’s Android operating system to Microsoft’s Windows Phone and Xbox gaming consoles. If microsoft wants free public wi-fi for the xbox gaming console, you know the wi-fi will be blazing fast. this is because xboxes need an enormous amount of bandwidth to run smoothly. so if microsoft wants wi-fi, they will want it to be fast so their xbox customers are satisfied with their product. Free wi-fi will create a huge debate between the people who want to rip you off, and the people who want to give you the best technological entertainment possible. would you rather continue on this path of slow, expensive service, or would you like to see the other side of the spectrum?-blaz ing fast internet service that anyone can afford an can use at anytime. Concluding Sentence: Free public wi-fi has the opportunity to not only change the way people communicate, but also change they way people work and play. — Attention Getting Topic Sentence: You may think that WiFi is more of a luxury than a necessity, though with current smartphone technologies it becoming of a necessity rather than luxury. Analysis: Public WiFi can be used for educational tools, emergency services, daily web browsing, and much more†¦ Some consumers already use their 4G data on their smartphones but what about the others who don’t own smartphones. It’s estimated that approximately 94% of city dwellers own an internet capable device. With such a high rate, it’s highly necessary for public WiFi. This will allow more businesses to communicate news with others also providing helpful and cost saving services with their users. Cause/Effect/Reasons/Evidence: Providing public WiFi for consumers is like a long-term investment. The government will add local long range hotspots into the city. Many competing businesses and consumers can pay credit to the government by buying advertising licenses and paying a little bit of extra taxes. Many companies would try to compete with this opportunity by lowering their service costs and increasing their demand. This change would affect you by lowering down your monthly cell pho ne bill. Also another great reason to encourage WiFi is with all the communication that’s occurring. Communication can be expressed in many different ways or forms. As humans, it’s impossible for us to not communicate. Communication is a right rather than a privilege, therefore it should always be free. Free public WiFi would offer your free communication to whether it’s to your penguin friend in Antarctica or to your local supermarket. It doesn’t have to be a quick call. Public WiFi offers texting, calling, instant messaging, emailing, video chatting, and violent slaughtering! Maybe not. Today’s generation is pleading for communication as it’s required for work, school, militaries, etc. Remember, WiFi is not a luxury. It’s a major necessity in a developing country like America. Concluding (Sentence): Overall, free public WiFi is a great necessity to have but it can’t be done without your support. A developing country like America needs more integrated connections among citizens and a small boost in the economy. Free public WiFi is the solution. Conclusion: Citywide Wifi does more good than bad. It will help both the people, and the city.The networks will help the economy of the community by attracting more people to the city. It will also be a service to the people living in the area who don’t have the money to experience the magical world of the interwebs. The applicability of using it is so easy, and everyone can do it. You don’t even need 3G or 4G to connect, all you have to do is connect to the city WiFi. Everywhere you go, you can experience free WiFi. People will visit certain stores, go to a certain restaurant, or visit a fixed library just to experience their wifi connection. With the city free wifi, you can do whatever you want without having to worry about connecting to the once privately owned wifi services. Wifi is not even a indulgence anymore honestly, people literally will do anything for the internet. We depend on technology nowadays, to the point where we cannot live without our phones. That’s where we are heading, and we should take advantage of the utilities we have access to, and try to gain something valuable from them, such as knowledge about something we like, or lessons that teach us amazing life skills. We can learn things from our devices, and have them for our entertainment as w ell. Wifi belongs to everyone, and not just for the people who can actually pay for it.Everyone should have. It will help enhance the curiosity for knowledge in kids that don’t have access to wifi, and make them ask more questions. People NEED access to modern technology, and wifi is the most basic form of modern technology. Everything we do is now electronic. Everything we are taught is now based on electronics. Books will always be there for us, but when we don’t have the certain book for us to answer a question, we need an answer somewhere. This is an idea that we can put to the test. Let’s try to make a citywide wifi plan which will benefit us all, rich and poor, curious and young,and and old. Let us grasp information like never before, and use it. Let’s be the generation of extraordinary wealth in knowledge.

The Voting Rights Act Of 1965 - 1575 Words

The Supreme Court of the United States has produced many infamous cases in its existence as a part of the three branches of government. It has seen many cases pertaining in particular to the Voting Rights Act initially enacted in 1965. There are two sections of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that are of particular concern in most cases, sections 4 and 5. Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act requires certain states, districts, and localities to obtain federal preclearance before making any changes or alterations to their election laws or practices (Overby). Section 4 specifies a formula for determining whether a geographical area is subject to section 5 (Overby). When the Voting Rights Act was enacted in 1965 it was originally restricted to five years. However, since then there have been multiple extensions. Congress extended it for the first time in 1970 for another five years, followed by another extension in 1975 for seven more years, and for another twenty-five years in 1982 (The Oye z Project). When the twenty-five year reauthorization came to expire in 2006, Congress yet again extended the 1965 Voting Rights Act for another twenty-five years (The Oyez Project). Since its passing and continuous reauthorizations, there have been many attempts to declare the Voting Rights Act, specifically sections 4 and 5 unconstitutional. A distinct case that warrants a closer look is the case of Shelby County v. Holder. Shelby County v. Holder reached the Supreme Court in 2013 and is theShow MoreRelatedVoting Rights Act of 1965766 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch topic is the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and I chose this topic because I always found it amusing that it took so long for African Americans to legally be allowed to vote. 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As it stands right now most states have restrictions on felons and voting. Florida, for example, requires you to wait 5 years before a convicted felon can apply for clemency to vote (ProCon.org). Out of all the states, there are only 2 states that have no restrictions, and allow convicted felons to vote absentee ballots from within prison (ProCon.org). Compared to other modern societies, the United States â€Å"features the harshest restrictions on offender voting rights† (Sigler). ConvictedRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 1965862 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided to gut the Voting Rig hts Act of 1965 in Shelby County v. Holder by deciding Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act is unconstitutional. The Voting Rights Act was meant to prevent historically discriminatory states from passing discriminatory voting laws. The purpose was to end racial discrimination in voting. Section 4(b) lays out the formula for which these states are selected. Basically, if the state had a history of restricting votes through tests or other means, their voting laws would be subjectRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 19651549 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical participation was one fundamental instrument that was subsequently integrated into the American social dynamics. The enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 sought to empower the minority groups to participate in the electoral processes, and to eliminate the barriers that existed in the political landscape. Some of the achievements of the act included the elimination of legislations that promoted profiling of prospective voters. For example, the law eliminated the need for literacy testRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 19651456 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminated against their voting rights. They have not only been unrepresented in the number of candidates running for positions but also the number of voters who are registered and participate in elections. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, it was prohibited for voters to be racially discriminated against. But since then, many revisions have been added, tightening the rules for registering and participating in voting. Many of these rules prevent minorities from voting but aren’t considered raciallyRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essays1217 Words   |  5 Pagesbe caused by pieces of paper. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a law passed that primarily gave African Americans the right to vote without having to take any sort of literacy tests. African Americans were widely ignored in voting rights because they were forced to take literacy tests to be eligible to vote. Having this event in our nation’s civil rights movement was a landmark that allowed the other half of our nation’s voice to be heard. â€Å"The Voting Rights Act itself has been called the single